Formal Speech Formal Meeting - 1491 Words

FORMAL MEETING GUIDE U.S. 11648 Submitted By MAYANK TIMBADIYA BL5-14074758B Submitted to ANIKA VATS Vats.anika30@gmail.com CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 THE MARAE 1 MEETING IN MAORI –MAORI HUI 1 1. A TYPICAL AGENDA 1 2. THE PROCESS AND ANY REGULATIONS TO BE FOLLOWED AT A HUI 2 3. RECORDS REQUIREMENT OF HUI MEETING 2 COMPANY SHAREHOLDER MEETING- NEW ZEALAND CULTURE 3 1. RULES AND REGULATIONS OF MEETING 3 2. AGENDA 4 3. MEETING PROCESS 4 4. RECORD OF MEETING 4 GLOSSARY 5 BIBLIOGRAPHY 6 Introduction The Marae is the place where Maori people can gather to discuss and debate, to celebrate, meetings or functions. This document tells us about meeting. In this document, I mention two different types of meetings organized by different cultures such as Maori culture and New Zealand culture. Before starting to read this document, it becomes very important to know about meeting. Meeting: A meeting is a gathering of persons convened to transact business, discussion matters of note or act in a matter of common interest. Meeting is an assembly of people for a particular purpose, especially for formal discussion. The Marae Hui Maori is another instance of a meeting. Meeting of Maori culture is known as â€Å"The Marae†. The Marae is totally central to the Maori approach of life; it is a concentration for teams WHO share kinship, whanau, hapu, iwi. Here they meet discussion and debate, to celebrate, to welcome the living and bid farewell to those who have passed on.The Marae, holy openShow MoreRelatedCommunication in Health and Social Care1156 Words   |  5 Pagesexpression between two or more people. It includes individuals conversing with each other, be it direct conversation or telephonic conversation. Speeches, presentations, discussions are all forms of verbal communication. 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Career Motivation Free Essays

string(149) " with positive reinforcement for good performance, given opportunities for achievement and input, and receive support for skill development support\." Abstract Career Motivation is usually examined among young or mid-career workers. The older worker is left alone. Unfortunately, in an environment in which the older person represents the fastest growing segment of the labor force, this critical resource is being frittered away. We will write a custom essay sample on Career Motivation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Examination of current practices suggests a large portion of older workers are persuaded by their employers’ actions that their careers are at an end. Alternatives to extend and increase this group’s Career motivation are discussed. Research exploring the underlying processes involved in successful mentorships has been lacking. In the present study, the roles of Career motivation explanatory factors were examined. Career motivation mediated the relationship between career mentoring and performance effectiveness. Contrary to prediction, only marginal support was received for career self-efficacy as a mediator between mentoring and indicators of career success. Career motivation is unique in that it was the first to reveal linkages between mentoring, career self-efficacy and Career motivation. Theoretical and practical implications of results are discussed. Index TOPICSPAGE NO. What is Career? What is motivation? What is Career Motivation? ypes of Career motivations Identifying Career Motivation Example of Career Motivation worksheet Ways of Career motivation Career motivation at work References What is Career? Career is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as a person’s â€Å"course or progress through life (or a distinct portion of life)† By the late 20th century, a wide range of choices ( especially in the range of potential professions) and more widespread education had allowed it to become possible to plan (or design) a career: in this respect the careers of the career counselor and of the career advisor have grown up. It is also not uncommon for adults in the late 20th/early 21st centuries to have dual or multiple careers, either sequentially or concurrently. Thus, professional identities have become hyphenated or hybridized to reflect this shift in work ethic. The progress and actions taken by a person throughout a lifetime, especially those related to that person’s occupations. A career is often composed of the jobs held, titles earned and work accomplished over a long period of time, rather than just referring to one position. While employees in some cultures and economies stay with one job during their career, there is an increasing trend to employees changing jobs more frequently. For example, an individual’s career could involve being a lawyer, though the individual could work for several different firms and in several different areas of law over a lifetime. See also career ladder. What is motivation? Motivation is the psychological feature that arouses an organism to action toward a desired goal and elicits, controls, and sustains certain goal directed behaviors. It can be considered a driving force; a psychological drive that compels or reinforces an action toward a desired goal. For example, hunger is a motivation that elicits a desire to eat. Motivation has been shown to have roots in physiological, behavioral, cognitive, and social areas. Internal and external factors that stimulate desire and energy in people to be continually interested and committed to a job, role or subject, or to make an effort to attain a goal. Motivation results from the interaction of both conscious and unconscious factors such as the (1) intensity of desire or need, (2) incentive or reward value of the goal, and (3) expectations of the individual and of his or her peers. These factors are the reasons one has for behaving a certain way. An example is a student that spends extra time studying for a test because he or she wants a better grade in the class. What is Career Motivation? In order to motivate yourself towards a successful and rewarding career, you need a combination of several factors to work together in your favor. These factors may include your own ambition and efforts to prosper, backed by the love and inspiration of your loved ones. However, it is important to remember that the ultimate responsibility of excelling in the career of your choice is yours and only you can work towards it to make your dreams a reality. While planning for your career development, you will also need to understand and analyze your talents, qualifications and skills that might help you in getting inspired towards the path of development. Career motivations are what energize and motivate you when you think about what you want to accomplish or work towards in your career. They are concrete descriptions of how you want to engage in your work. They are not job titles and they are not general words or phrases like â€Å"fulfillment, financial security, happiness, work/life balance† etc. Understanding what motivates you can help you find a career direction. It seems possible that career motivation is one factor that can help explain the benefits from mentoring relationships. areer motivation is theorized as being comprised of three components: career resilience, career insight, and career identity . Career resiliencies the ability to adapt to changing circumstances, even when circum-stances are discouraging or disruptive. It consists of characteristics such as belief in self, willingness to take risks, and need for achievement. Career insights’ the ability to be realistic about ones career and consists of est ablishing clear, feasible career goals and realizing ones strengths and weaknesses. Career identities the extent that one defines oneself by ones work. It is associated with job, organizational, and pro-fissional involvement, nee career motivation career motivation examined personal and situational correlates of career commitment and found that of the variables investigated, having a mentor was the most robust correlate. It was suggested that mentoring increases career commitment by three means. First, mentoring facilitates self-directedness, career involvement, career success, and positive attitudes toward the career. Second, the mentor may demonstrate the rewards that can be attained if an individual sticks with a career. Finally, mentoring helps the development of career commitment because both the mentoring relationship and career commitment revolve around the needs and ambitions of individuals. To promote career motivation employees should be provided with positive reinforcement for good performance, given opportunities for achievement and input, and receive support for skill development support. You read "Career Motivation" in category "Essay examples" This can be achieved by encouraging employees to think about the long-term effects of their current work behavior and to develop career plans. Information about career options should be provided and realistic expectations cultivated. Goal setting should be encouraged and fair and accurate feedback provided. Finally, to heighten career motivation, work involvement should be emphasized by pro-viding job challenges, and by encouraging professional activities and opportunities for leadership and advancement Supporting these suggestions, found individuals were more likely to have high levels of career motivation when their manager was supportive, provided clear performance feedback, encouraged subordinates to set career goals, initiated discussions related to development and career-related issues and made the job challenging. That is, man-ager mentor-like behaviors were associated with higher levels of career motivation among subordinates’. In sum, the existing literature suggests a relationship between mentoring and Career motivation. Hypothesis 1. Mentored individuals will have a higher level of career motivation than those who have not been mentored. Hypothesis 2a. Among those who are mentored, there will be a positive relationship between psychosocial mentoring and Career motivation. Hypothesis 2b. Among those who are mentored, there will be a positive relationship between career mentoring and career motivation. We suggest that career motivation plays a part in the relationship between mentoring and indicators of career success. It seems likely that mentoring relates to career motivation, which in turn relates to career success. For example, London (1983) stated that one aspect of career motivation is the desire for upward mobility. He suggested individuals would establish career paths to further their advancement possibilities, request to be considered for promotions, volunteer for important assignments, request and assume leadership roles, and request salary increases. London also suggested that those high in career motivation might have greater career advancement opportunities since they work harder on projects that affect their career. Career motivation behaviors have been theorized to predict pro-motions and salaries, yet only one empirical study to date has shown career motivation to be as-associated with promotions. We extend this line of research in the present study by relating career motivation with both objective and subjective indicators of career success. Past studies have primarily used objective measures such as employee income, promotion rate and job title to define career success. However, solely using objective criteria to determine success may neglect important information. For ex-ample, a managers, who appeared successful by reason of position and income, did not feel successful or proud of their accomplishments. It is important to explore individual’s appraisal of their own success because these perceptions are likely to impact their career. Hypothesis 3. Career motivation will positively relate to objective and Subjective career success. Hypothesis 4a. Career motivation will mediate the relationship between career mentoring and career success. Hypothesis 4b. Career motivation will mediate the relationship between psychosocial mentoring and career success. There are three types of Career motivations: 1. Core Career motivations: Core Career motivations are what you want to spend your time doing. These include competencies (skills, knowledge and attributes) that you want to develop, specific things you want to create, or passions and causes that you want to pursue. 2. Work environment Motivations: Work environment Motivations is things that are important for you in your workplace. These include aspects of the physical environment, the work culture, the way Work is structured (e. g. hours, schedule, etc. ), and how you like to work with others (e. g. as a leader, Support person, expert advisor, etc. ). 3. Lifestyle Motivations: Lifestyle Motivations are what your career allows you to do in other areas of your life. This could include money, time, travel, relationships, and other parts that make up your work/life balance. All three types are important, but your core Motivations will be most helpful in pointing in a career direction. It can take time to uncover your own Motivations, and it can be tricky to separate what you really want from what you feel you â€Å"should† want. It’s a good idea to revisit them from time to time. Sample Motivations †¢ I want to manage information about people (not technical or financial) in a social service or educational setting (core Motivation) †¢ I want to design and manage service-oriented systems, processes and procedures to make systems run more efficiently and help people (core Motivation) †¢ I want to be recognized for making others’ lives easier (core Motivation) I like being in a structured work environment where I have to respond to things that happen unexpectedly (work environment Motivation) †¢ I want to balance the time and energy I use while earning my living with the time and energy I devote to my passion for competitive marathon running (lifestyle Motivation) Identifying Career Motivation Follow these steps to make a list of four to six personal Career motivations: 1. Step 1: Complete the Career motivation Worksheet on page 3. 2. Brainstorm a list of possible career options that includes different type of work and educational opportunities. Review your list and think about why you have chosen your options. Do they connect with the Motivations you included on the Career motivation Worksheet? Add any new insights to the worksheet. 3. Brainstorm a list of â€Å"de-Motivations† that describe what you don’t want in your career. Reflect on your past work and educational experience. Review your list and think about the opposite of each de-Motivation. Do these opposites connect with the Motivations you included on the worksheet? 4. Review all the statements on your worksheet and identify patterns and themes. Write a set of four to six statements that summarize your key Career motivations, and make sure that at least three or four of your statements describe your core Motivations. Include enough detail to be meaningful. Don’t worry if some of your Motivations conflict with one another, or if they’re not realistic right now—it’s all part of the journey. Example of Career Motivation worksheet What are your interests? Rank the following interests in order of their importance to you. †¢ Working with things, numbers and objects ________ †¢ Contact with people ________ Working with machines ________ †¢ Working with animals or plants ________ †¢ Working to improve social conditions ________ †¢ Detailed, organized, routine work ________ †¢ Studying people or communicating ideas ________ †¢ Scientific or technical work ________ †¢ Directing or organizing ________ †¢ Abstract and creative work ________ †¢ Working on or pr oducing things ________ Now use your rankings to answer these questions: 1. What interests and activities energize you? ________________________________________________________________ 2. What are the skills that you really enjoy using? _______________________________________________________________ 3. What kinds of activities engage you so completely that you get wrapped up in them and lose track of time? 4. What kinds of subject or knowledge areas are you drawn to? ________________________________________________________________ 5. What are the first 2 or 3 sections that you head for when you go to the bookstore? ________________________________________________________________ What are your passions or causes? 1. What causes do you get excited about? ________________________________________________________________ 2. Where is the â€Å"juice† or â€Å"spark† when you think about your career? ________________________________________________________________ 3. If you were independently wealthy, had done everything you wanted to do in terms of travel/leisure and had the total support, understanding and acceptance of your family and friends, what would you choose to do with your time? 4. What would you do if you knew (and were 100% guaranteed) that you would not fail? What type of work environment do you want? Rank the following work environments in order of their importance to you. †¢ Setting your own schedule ________ Influencing people’s opinions, attitudes or actions ________ †¢ Variety with many changing duties ________ †¢ Working under stressful situations ________ †¢ Making decisions based on personal judgment ________ †¢ Knowing exactly what is expected of me ________ †¢ Taking responsibility- being in control ________ †¢ Work requiring precision ________ †¢ Freely expressing ideas and emotions ________ †¢ Making decisions based on facts ________ †¢ Working closely with people ________ †¢ Working alone ________ Now use your rankings to answer these questions: 1. How do you see yourself working with others (e. . leader, support person, expert advisor, etc. )? 2. What type of people would you work well with, and how would you work with them? ________________________________________________________________ 3. What places and environments make you feel engaged and energized? 4. What type of organization would you like to be part of? ________________________________________________________________ What type of lifestyle do you want? 1. What does your career need to provide you with in terms of money and time commitment so that it will fit with and support the other important aspects of your life? _________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________ ___________________________ 2. What kind of income do you have to have in order to support the kind of life that you want to build? ________________________________________________________________ 3. How much time are you willing to devote to your career so that it balances with the rest of your life? ________________________________________________________ Ways of Career motivation Motivation Through Relationships The people who love and care for you can make a great difference in your life in motivating and inspiring you towards a better career. Some of your closest relationships may work as a base of all your career improvements. These relationships might be the best and only reason for which you want to move ahead in your career and do well to provide absolute security and happiness to your family. It is the care and concern that you share in these relationships that might encourage you to achieve your career goals, which in turn helps you to provide the best of everything to your loved ones. Motivation Through Leisure You leisure time activities and associations can also help you in motivating yourself towards your career. It is important to interact with different kinds of people coming from different walks of life and professions. You also need to participate in the hobbies and activities that you enjoy so that your recreational requirements are also fulfilled. These activities help you unwind from a long day or a weekly routine and will keep you motivated when you are planning your career. Your entire personality needs to be taken care of in order to motivate yourself. Lack of relaxation and recreation may lead you towards boredom and depression, which in turn can diminish your enthusiasm and energy levels. Motivation From Peers One of the best ways to motivate yourself towards a great career may come from your present workplace itself. Attending seminars, conferences and meetings can help you in acquiring many professional contacts such as career counselors, academic professionals, supervisors and people with similar interests and career objectives. In the process, you may gain invaluable resources and advice from masterminds that might motivate you to a great extent. Seeing other people with the same or similar educational backgrounds and qualifications in higher positions can further motivate you to improve your own career prospects through sharing knowledge and ideas with them about how you can go about it. Just knowing that you have a great network of resource pool can be sufficient to motivate you. Motivation From Your Mentor Your personal mentor can be the most important person who can motivate you so that you achieve your career objectives. A good mentor can be your friend, philosopher and guide to direct you towards the road of success. A mentor will not only coach you and provide critical advice to support you in your endeavors, but will also introduce you with useful contacts and the right people to further expedite your career development process. The mentor can also measure your success and failure aspects and alter your action plan accordingly. Career motivation at work 1. Clarify your goals Nothing is more demotivating than working haphazardly without having a clear vision, mission and set of objectives for your work. Without a clear vision and knowledge of how your work impacts the big picture you may well end up spending a lot of time on urgent unimportant matters rater than tasks that positively impact the big picture. Clarify in no uncertain terms your vision, mission and objectives and focus on them beginning always with the end in mind. It is remarkable what you will achieve once you have honed in on your precise goals and can focus on them and visualize yourself achieving them. 2. Establish a clear game-plan for achieving your goals Once you have clarified your vision and goals, formulate a detailed strategy for getting there and chart your progress on a regular and ongoing basis. Break down large complex projects into a series of manageable tasks that are interesting and achievable. Having a blueprint for success that is composed of clear, sensible milestones and achievable interesting tasks will greatly simplify and lend meaning to your daily routine and will also give you a feeling of control over your work and deadlines which largely boosts motivation. The more organized you are and can focus and adhere to accomplishing your goals according to your detailed blueprint for success, the more motivated you will be and the less likely you are to fall into a fit of panic or insecurity and lose confidence and motivation. 3. Ride the Wave of your Successes Success is very stimulating. Work hard enough to achieve successful results and see how motivated you are to achieve further successes as you excel in your performance. Work hard, aim to overachieve your goals and ride the momentum of each success to achieve further successes. Remind yourself that once your vision is clear and you have a set of well-defined, reasonable objectives and milestones to reach, the secret of success is hard work, creativity and perseverance. Aim to ride the wave of each success to further the next success and channel the positive energy to achieving similar superlative performance in your next task or project. It is not always that you can ride the wave of euphoria that arises from a sound success story so make sure you leverage and take advantage of these bursts of energy and motivation to the extent possible. . Reward yourself Reward yourself as you achieve your objectives and/or reach specific important milestones. Plan ahead what forms this reward will take and what tasks/projects/results will be rewarded. This will give you something to look forward to, extra drive to get there and a surge of excitement and enthusiasm when you do attain your desired goals. 5. Keep Things in Perspective It is important to keep things in persp ective and always remind yourself of why you work. Beside the pay, it is often about realizing your potential, feeling alive and useful, feeling connected, making a difference in the world, expressing creativity, expanding your skills and abilities, helping others and contributing to the community. List the reasons you entered the field you are in and when times are tough remind yourself of why you do the work you do. Also remind yourself that work is work and that you have a life outside of work to look forward to, enjoy and make a difference in. 6. Maintain a healthy work/life balance It is very easy to lose yourself at work and forget what awaits you outside of the work arena. Maintaining a healthy work/life balance is essential both for your general motivation level and your overall wellbeing. Make sure you take the time to do the things you like to do outside of work whether it be connecting with friends and family, exercising, reading, taking courses, shopping or other hobbies and activities that channel your creativity and energy. Having something to look forward to after work will see you through moments of drudgery at work when your motivation and energy levels are not as high as they could be and will also make you more productive at work. . Think positive Negativity is a contagious affliction that drains you of energy, slows you down, saps your enthusiasm and blinds you to the reasons you work. Avoid negative feelings at all costs and concentrate on the positive. To do this, listen to motivational tapes, to music that particularly inspires you, read motivational books, talk to inspired or inspiring people, surround yourself with positive stimuli an d concentrate on the reasons you work. Find things to laugh at as long as you are not laughing at your peers and count your blessings at every opportunity. Focus on positives regardless of how small or inconsequential they are whether it be a positive remark from a boss or peer, accomplishing your day’s goals earlier than usual, overachieving on a small deliverable, working well with people, a looming vacation, completing a difficult task or any other positive stimulus. REFERENCES †¢Business dictionary. com †¢http://www. streetdirectory. com †¢Wikipedia †¢https://passport. baidu. com †¢Worldpress. com †¢R. Day, T. D. Allen / Journal of Vocational Behavior (2003) †¢(Colarelli Bishop, 1990). London and colleagues (London, 1990; London Bray, 1984; London Mone,1987) several suggestions as to how to develop, support and enhance career motivation. †¢Noe, Noe, and Bachhuber (1990) article †¢(Dreher Ash, 1990; Orpen, 1995; Scandura, 1992; Whitely, Dougherty, Dreher, 1991) Article †¢www. careercast. com †¢library. educationworld. ne †¢(London Bray, 1984). Career motivation can also be enhanced through career 2 R. Day, T. D. Allen / Journal of Vocational Behavior (2003) Article in press †¢(London Mone, 1987). Article in press How to cite Career Motivation, Essay examples Career Motivation Free Essays Thank you for giving me the opportunity to express my keen interest in working at Citigroup. It is a great pleasure to have a thorough conversation with you last Monday. I have become more enthusiastic about being a member of the Citigroup family after learning from you the fast-paced and challenging work environment of your esteemed company. We will write a custom essay sample on Career Motivation or any similar topic only for you Order Now The purpose of writing this letter is to give you a broader understanding of who I am. I hope that my personal value system will meet   the standards of the company and thus, you will consider me as an asset for Citigroup. Career Motivation The inspiration for my career in finance is most certainly drawn from my sister, who is currently working as an analyst in the field of investment banking. Under the influence of my sister, I have developed a genuine interest in business and commercial issues, particularly with the function of financial markets and institutions in general. I am aware that banking is one of the most influential factors affecting world economies. Not only does it affect the prosperity of each individual, but also the society as a whole. My sister has assisted me in many ways as well. She aided me through the process of looking for a job and provided me an overall picture of her daily operational activities as an analyst. From her description, I learned that career in the banking industry is well paid but the task is extremely demanding. However, I have no difficulty working under pressure or even overtime. I understand the importance of well-equipping myself in order to succeed in such immense workplace. This is why I started to read the financial news in Wall Street Journal during my years in college and maintained such habit since then. In fact, I find many of the news intriguing and valuable to enhance my knowledge above and beyond my studies in college. I plan to explore further financial information through various channels, such as applying to public examinations or to obtain a MBA degree. Code of Ethics I believe that the decent corporate behavior and the long-term success for a company are linked together. Although there are numerous codes of ethics within the company, I believe the most important commitment for Citigroup’s employees is to act with the highest standard of professional integrity in all aspects of their activities and to comply with all applicable laws, rules and regulations of the company. While knowledge and experience are important, I think ethics is more essential to a company’s success: it extends to the manner of how a firm does its business. If I encounter suspicious activities among employees that have violated the law or Citigroup’s policies, I would not hesitate to identify such issues because it is critical to maintain Citigroup’s mission to be the most respected global financial services company. The recent news in Societe Generale about a scandal and the consequences of an employee acting dishonestly, shows that even one fraudulent employee could significantly affect the fate of the company. Therefore, when working with Citigroup, each of us is accountable for our own behavior and all our actions affect the larger group we are in. Certainly, maintaining a good corporate responsibility is vital to Citigroup’s success. Constant Learning I am a strong believer of continuous education and experience sharing. It is particularly relevant in a society where relative competitiveness depends on the depth and breadth of knowledge that one can build. I think Citigroup has provided the right kind of environment and platform that helps its employees to pursue progressive learning in an open manner. The company has offered continuous learning opportunities for its staff through wide learning and development programs such as the Employee Network Program. It provides networking opportunities and cross-business mentoring experience for the employees to help support the diversity and business goals of the firm. I believe working in Citigroup is far beyond personal awareness. It is not just what you know, but who you know. This program will offer me the opportunity to exploit my teamwork skills in   such a diverse work environment. If I have a chance to work for Citigroup, I will not hesitate to foster the relationship with my colleagues and to develop essential networks. My main responsibility to the company is to share a mutual respect and appreciation for other co-workers, and strive to create a safe and pleasant place for every one of us to work in. Job Satisfaction The majority of the people in the world believes that money is the path to happiness. However, society has followed the false idea of â€Å"money equals to happiness.† According to Aristotle, wealth cannot constitute happiness because it is just a monetary value which can only be used as a tool to gain some temporary enjoyment. Many job seekers nowadays look for jobs that could provide them with the most salary even though it is not the job that he/she desires. Money or wealth does not rank the highest as my priority in job hunting. In fact, I place job satisfaction as my first priority because it can eventually lead me to happiness and fulfillment, which I consider as the best rewards I can have at work, though it is the most difficult to achieve. Aristotle claimed that â€Å"true happiness lies in the active life of a rational being or in a perfect realization and outworking of the true soul and self, continued throughout a lifetime.† Securing a job itself brings people a sense of self-worth and certainly, satisfaction in what we do gives us more fuel for productivity. Self motivation and the morales of the employees can be boosted if they are fond of their jobs and they enjoy it. The greatest satisfaction for me depends on being able to apply my skills and seeing that my actions have helped the company. This should be my utmost happiness and I believe Citigroup can provide me with such fulfillment. Customer Satisfaction To my acknowledgment, Citigroup’s goal is to be the world’s most respected global financial services company. Citigroup is dedicated to serving its clients with excellence. I agree that customers should be placed first since they are the primary resource for building the company. They chose and believed in Citigroup’s products and services. Therefore, it is essential to provide them with superior customer satisfaction by ensuring them that their financial needs and affairs are handled with global quality expertise, fairness and transparency. Take investment, for example, to illustrate my point. I think the stock market itself is very cunning and sometimes it is very easy for investors to fall into a trap. Unfortunately, people tend to be irrational when they start investing. They pick stocks from companies which I think they know very little about its overall performance. When the market is going up, they want to make more money so it becomes very easy not to remain objective and careful in assessing its risks and returns. As Warren Buffet stated, â€Å"what doesn’t work is when you start doing things you don’t understand or because they worked last week for somebody else. The dumbest reason in the world is to buy a stock because it’s going up.† Despite the vigorous activities in stock markets, there are many other financial aspects which appear unfamiliar to majority of people. I hope by working at Citigroup, it would offer me the opportunity to give something back to the company and to the community. I would be much blissful to acquire more skills form Citigroup while at the same time utilizing them to improve the lives of many others in terms of wealth management. I am dedicated to provide worldwide customers with a wide range of financial services and professional advices with the best of my abilities, and I have faith that customer satisfaction and loyalty will then be within grasp. Moreover, I feel I have the obligation to contribute not only to customers and to the company, but to the whole society as well – which is why I am fascinated by Citigroup’s recent project on the formation of â€Å"The Carbon Principles† – to understand carbon risk and meet the power needs of consumers. Creative Thinking The finance field has changed dramatically in the last decade and it will definitely have more changes in the future. It is amazing to witness the financial innovations and new financial products around us, e.g. hedge funds, private equity, structured securities and risk management tools. Because of this rapid change, I believe that there is the need of new minds to create new ideas in order to develop different kinds of innovative structured products and services to meet the needs of demanding customers. One of the most creative men that I admire throughout the history is Thomas Edison. He invented the first incandescent light bulb which completely revolutionized our world. Edison’s famous saying that â€Å"genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration† has totally inspired me. It is the amount of effort that we put in that distinguishes success from failure. Though I may not be as creative as he was, I believe perseverance is what it takes to succeed in anything. My learning experience at this university has often encouraged me in trying to take a specific issue and assess it from various perspectives. Through our case studies, I am now able to solve problems efficiently and effectively. My desire to become a finance professional at Citigroup will serve as a motivation to enrich myself with new ideas or information to cope with the market environment that is changing from time to time. Since the knowledge level of consumers is rising, products and services should become more accommodating to their changing needs. Continuous learning is very important to keep myself up-to-date with what the market and the customers need. Role Model In all circumstances, a good academic record is always desirable to many employers. There are certain conditions in which I find learning to be very enjoyable. While the college I am attending has always appealed to me because of the wealth of experience it has offered, I am ready for the transition towards an environment where I could further leverage my financial knowledge and analytical skills to work alongside management teams and assist the company in maximizing its long-term growth prospects. At this time, I wish to focus my career in the finance sector, specifically pursuing professional efforts in the banking industry. Once I am given the opportunity to work for Citigroup, I would regard Mr. Vikram Pandit, CEO of Citigroup, as my role model in my profession and to comply with his aim to â€Å"deliver the high-quality service and products our clients require and to generate the superior returns our shareholders expect.† I hope to conduct thorough company analysis, maintain constant interactions with pioneers and leaders in the banking field, and acquire a deep knowledge of the industry. With a solid background in finance coupled with strong analytical and communication skills, I am eager to leverage my knowledge and capabilities to add value to Citigroup. Desire to Join You Team The world of emerging bank markets has always fascinated me, be it private banking, asset management or wealth management. I have strong sense that I will greatly enjoy working at your company and most importantly, I am willing to learn and perform for your satisfaction. I am eagerly looking forward to hear from you very soon to discuss further details regarding this letter. Please feel free to contact me via phone or by e-mail to arrange a mutually convenient time to converse. Thank you very much for your consideration.    How to cite Career Motivation, Papers

Key Factors In Successful Leadership-Free Samples for Students

Question: What Is the Key Factors in Successful Leadership Marketing? Answer: Introducation: There are different marketing techniques used in global businesses today. The techniques are meant to improve the performance of the various businesses within other nations and in the local markets. Most successful businesses have in most cases used a number of these techniques either when combined or in single forms. Leadership is one if the skills that have been used in recent times to improve the performance of a business. Effective leadership is important in ensuring that the business is governed in the most effective way that would guarantee its success and competitiveness in the global market. Therefore, the following discussion concerns the key factors in successful leadership for a successful business. A good leader should be one who understands himself fully and has control over his actions. The decisions made by leaders are always defining for any organization hence it is necessary that a good leader would first lead himself before leading others. Self leadership would prove the leader as a good or bad leader depending on the manner in which he or she governs himself or herself. A good leader should be able to take full control of themselves in making decisions and in leadership generally hence a good leader starts by leading himself. A good and successful leader should consider other people, especially other employees second to himself. For every person, the first thing to consider would be them before any other things. The situation applies for a leader also. A good leader should however consider the plight of other people after themselves as stated by Nixon, Harrington and Parker (2012, p 212). The employees and staff of an organization should be second in the hierarchy of any leader such that all the actions of the organization are effectively considered before they are taken in for implementation. Such collaboration from a leader would be perfect in ensuring that all the activities and processes of an organization are effectively communicated. It is the responsibility of an organizational leader to create and build on trust among its staff and all other activities of the organization. Trust is important in the success of a business as it improves the collaboration of all the sectors of an institution. Every part of the organization is required so that a final decision within an organization is made effectively. It is therefore, necessary that the leader builds a perfect relationship between the organization and its staff that would lead to trust hence proper organizational operations throughout the activities of the organization as mentioned by Guzmn, (2017, p 448). Most successful businesses invest on trust within themselves as the key to their operational success. All organizations and their practices are dependent on the vision of the organization. It is the role of a leader to ensure that all practices of the organization are inspired by the vision of the organization. The inspiration would make all parts of the organization active and effective for the institution to remain focused. It is the sole role of the leader of any global institution to make sure that the organization is on the right track based on the global competition among other factors concerning the organization it. A successful leader follows up and keeps his staff motivated as much as possible. The creation of values to live by at an organization is a normal practice that any institution would take part in. setting specific values for an institution is a cultural practice that is used in most cases as a guide for the organization in controlling its various practices. According to Pinto and Slevin (2013), it is the role of an organizational leader to either set the rules or affirm the rules set in other parts of the organization. Setting the rules is another thing but living with them is the most important part in an organization. A good leader would be expected to follow up and ensure that all the organizational values are abided by perfectly to make the organization as successful as possible both locally and globally. Though every organizational leader yearns to be the best by pushing their organizations to the top in terms of competition and success, it is not an easy practice. Accepting the position of an organization is the first step that a leader should consider in order to become successful. a leader needs to understand the position of the business financially, globally and in other angles as well. Sarker and Lee (2013) says that after accepting the position of a business, it becomes possible for a leader to identify and analyze the business effectively so that he would make the necessary adjustments that would give the business direction. While implementing the various decisions made by the organization and its staff, it would be necessary that an organization insists on using an effective method that has been tested and proved to be effective. In the global market implementing actions would not accept any errors based on the nature of competition in the field. Hence, before considering any business actions, the organizational leader would be responsible for ensuring that the method put in place is effective. Crum and Sherman, (2013) suggested that the effectiveness of the methods of implementation is some of the key factors that determine the success of a business in the global market. Another feature of a good leader is that they are open to other ideas and are willing at any time to let other people shine. Accepting decisions from other people within the organization and declaring that it is theirs makes a better leader because other people would be happy and willing to provide any necessary assistance to the organization. When a leader accepts the opinions of other people without owning them, it becomes easier for other members of the organization to share any global organizational ideas with the organization as a way of marketing their services. The motivation provided to the others by an organizational leader makes the people motivated hence they are likely to be committed to the organization as mentioned by Sammon, (2015). Being a leader that is facilitative is another factor that makes a leader successful. Being able to facilitate certain organizational practices amidst barriers is a perfect quality for any leader at any level of management. In the global business arena it becomes even more important because the facilitation of the various business practices defines the business. A good leader in normal cases would however consult and ensure that the practices meant for facilitation are perfect ones that make the business successful in the long end according to what Hoy and Smith, (2017, 163) argues. It is therefore the responsibility of a business leader to facilitate the organization properly for it to suit the global business standards. Another important factor for an organizational leader to know is the mission of the organization. The mission is the target or the focus of the business. It acts as a drive to the various business operations in an organization. Based on the arguments provided by Al-Mashari, and Zairi, (2017), every business counts on the leader to describe and govern the organization through the different leadership techniques. Focusing on the mission of the organization puts the business at a pole position to be successful in its activities hence it helps the business to become competitive globally. The mission helps in introducing the business to other exterior markets both locally and globally. Setting organizational goals and focusing towards them is the role of an organizational leader. The creation of new goals and focusing on them as it has been the case in most institutions is an aspect of the organization that solely depends on the organizational leader. The introduction of the goals to other employees and all the people concerned with the organization is the duty of the organizations leader. Wellins (2015) claims that the effectiveness in which these goals and the means to attain them are introduced makes a good leader. An organizational goal can be identified from the time it is introduced until the time it is implemented. The success of any organization depends on the focus and determination of the organizational leader towards achieving the organizational goal. Being competent is another valuable leadership characteristic that a perfect organizational leader should posses. A competent leader would ensure that all the practices of the organization are according to plan. The execution of the organizational activities require that a leader is competent and has a reputation in putting into place all the procedures designed for any practice within the organization to ensure that it is in order and successful as Boyce, Jackson, and Neal (2016, p 921) mentioned. A competent leader is the most qualified person to guide a business through the global market successfully. A successful leader is one who is capable of making a strong team to control the operations of the business. As per the reasons provided by Day, (2014), the team responsible for seeing through the various practices of an organization is made by an organizational leader as the last person to decide on the group and its activities. As a result, it is necessary that an organizational leader reviews his decision on a team for any mission critically so that he can create the most effective team to see the organization through the global market successfully without any serious barriers. The communication skills of an organizational leader are determinant in the success of the respective business. It is through the effective communication skills that the organizational decisions would be communicated to the employees who would then take part in the implementation of the various decisions from the organization as claimed by Howell and Avolio, (2013, p 891). It is the role of the organizational leader to pass the information across the organization. The choice of a communication skill rests on the leader hence he is responsible for the delivery of the information to the people who would implement it. The effectiveness of the chosen communication skills by a leader determines the success of the organization entirely. A leader with interpersonal skills is a better leader compared to other leaders who would depend on the organizations staff for critical decisions. A skillful leader should be able to make certain decisions by themselves without the influence of other people within the organization especially when there are crisis within the organization. Gutirrez, Hilborn and Defeo (2012) suggested that the interpersonal skills would be helpful in such cases as the leader might likely make a decision that would solve the problems within the organization without wasting time discussing the issue with other organizational leaders and staff. It is normal for an organization to face certain challenges in its operations. It is during such moments that a perfect leader would be realized. A good leader maintains a positive attitude throughout the time when the organization is faced with serious challenges that might define a business. Maintaining a positive attitude when there are problems for an organization would help a leader in formulating the most appropriate solutions to the business at any time as argued by Leithwood, (2015, p 623). With the positive attitude, the reputation of a business would be kept on high hence higher chances of the business regaining its position in the market and becoming successful. When a leader is inspired and ambitious, there are high chances that other staff of the business would experience the same feeling. The ambition and motivation as in most cases pushes the organization towards maintaining its position in the market as it stays competitive and successful. it is the sole duty of a leader to motivate and make other employees ambitious towards achieving the organizational goals. Fui-Hoon Nah, Lee-Shang Lau, and Kuang (2014) claim that it is through the ambition and inspiration that an organization might identify itself into the global market. Therefore, leaders need to stay as close as possible to the rest of the staff such that they could stay inspired and ambitious. In conclusion, while globalizing a business, there are various factors to consider so that the business would be both successful and competitive in the global market. One of the most important factors to consider would be leadership. The nature of leadership at an organization determines the success of a business in various ways but most importantly because the decisions that make up the business are decided on by the business leader. There are various key leadership factors that should be considered for a business to become successful especially in the global arena. Some of the leadership factors that are important for all businesses i9ncluding global businesses have been discussed in the case above. References Al-Mashari, M. and Zairi, M., 2017. BPR implementation process: an analysis of key success and failure factors.Business process management journal,5(1), pp.87-112. Boyce, L.A., Jeffrey Jackson, R. and Neal, L.J., 2016. Building successful leadership coaching relationships: Examining impact of matching criteria in a leadership coaching program.Journal of Management Development,29(10), pp.914-931. Crum, K.S. and Sherman, W.H., 2013. Facilitating high achievement: High school principals' reflections on their successful leadership practices.Journal of educational administration,46(5), pp.562-580. Day*, C., 2014. The passion of successful leadership.School leadership management,24(4), pp.425-437. Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Lee-Shang Lau, J. and Kuang, J., 2014. Critical factors for successful implementation of enterprise systems.Business process management journal,7(3), pp.285-296. Gutirrez, N.L., Hilborn, R. and Defeo, O., 2012. Leadership, social capital and incentives promote successful fisheries.Nature,470(7334), pp.386-389. Guzmn, N., 2017. Leadership for successful inclusive schools: A study of principal behaviours.Journal of educational administration,35(5), pp.439-450. Howell, J.M. and Avolio, B.J., 2013. Transformational leadership, transactional leadership, locus of control, and support for innovation: Key predictors of consolidated-business-unit performance.Journal of applied psychology,78(6), p.891. Hoy, W.K. and Smith, P.A., 2017. Influence: a key to successful leadership.International journal of educational management,21(2), pp.158-167. Leithwood, K., 2015. Understanding successful principal leadership: progress on a broken front.Journal of educational administration,43(6), pp.619-629. Nixon, P., Harrington, M. and Parker, D., 2012. Leadership performance is significant to project success or failure: a critical analysis.International Journal of productivity and performance management,61(2), pp.204-216. Pinto, J.K. and Slevin, D.P., 2013, June. Critical success factors across the project life cycle. Project Management Institute. Sammons, P., 2015.Key characteristics of effective schools: A review of school effectiveness research. B MBC Distribution Services, 9 Headlands Business Park, Ringwood, Hants BH24 3PB, England, United Kingdom. Sarker, S. and Lee, A.S., 2013. Using a case study to test the role of three key social enablers in ERP implementation.Information Management,40(8), pp.813-829. Wellins, R.S., 2015.Empowered teams: Creating self-directed work groups that improve quality, productivity, and participation. Jossey-Bass Inc., 350 Sansome Street, San Francisco, CA 94104-1310.

Nothing that is worth knowing can be taught Essay Example

Nothing that is worth knowing can be taught Paper Learning is probably one of the most important things in life that we cannot get by without. In todays fast-paced life it has grown to be a cornerstone in most major economies. Education is being given a priority. Subjects such as biology and chemistry are the key to the new generation of money-minting industries. The allure of wealth pollutes the society. It becomes the survival of the smartest. When one is stuck with such societal expectations, one begins to wonder what exactly is worth knowing? One must realize that there is much more to life than that. We must also consider the pros and cons of such a taxing education system. In the pursuit of intellectual excellence, we might have actually missed out on real education. Knowledge without the heart is disastrous. Some of the worlds most brilliant minds were also the most destructive and caused a stain on the history of the world. An example is Hitler. He was a brilliant man but due to his desire for revenge and his warped ideas of society, he almost destroyed Europe in his rampage during world war two. Knowledge must be accompanied with good values. Some values can be taught but there are just some values that cant be taught. A good example is maturity. Maturity is not something that a teacher can lecture a student about. A person acquires maturity through experience. He will evaluate the experience and be wiser the next time. Maturity does not come with age, it must be acquired in daily life. Maturity can be gained if we overcome our fears. Maturity in words and actions will ensure that knowledge is not abused. Often missed out is also the lesson on relationships. Again relationship cannot be taught. We will write a custom essay sample on Nothing that is worth knowing can be taught specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Nothing that is worth knowing can be taught specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Nothing that is worth knowing can be taught specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A person must be in a relationship to be able to gain any valuable knowledge from it. Several values such as trust and empathy can only be truly appreciated and learned when we go though a relationship. It is a truly exclusive lesson that even the best teacher will not be able to teach. Moral values are based on what somebodys conscience suggests is right or wrong, rather than on what the law says should be done or what a teacher teaches. Examples include integrity and honesty. These values are intrinsically learnt. For example, when a teacher advises you on meting datelines, he will give examples about the working world. As students we can never relate to that. By putting it into practice, can we then actually learn these values. Moral values are not academic values. They can be told to a student but it is only learnt when a person actually experiences it and learns by adopting the value. In a nutshell, When some one learns from experience or past mistakes, it will carry a bigger impact than when he is preached by a teacher. Pain is also something that cannot be imparted through just preaching and telling someone. It must be felt. Through the experience of pain, one will learn the true meaning of the word. It is then learnt and imprinted into the persons mind. Essentially, pain is felt and learnt. No matter how much a teacher says that pain is painful it will never be the same as the sensation itself. It wouldnt be right to deny that whatever that can be taught is worthless. Academics are important to a certain extent. They guarantee your future. They give you a firm footing to explore your areas of interest. Things such as wealth can be acquired through academic excellence. There is a thin line between learning and being taught. When one learns something, it is not necessarily taught to him. Most of the time, what we are taught is different from what we actually learn. Learning can be done independently from being taught. Learning is the acquisition of knowledge oneself while being taught is gaining imparted knowledge. To conclude, I would say that things that can be taught such as academics are important but you can only get so far with it. The things that are really worth knowing can never be taught. There is more impact when one learns from experience than when one is taught by a teacher. To end, not through what a teacher teaches, but through what a student learns, is life really experienced.

Governmental, Proprietary, and Fiduciary Funds Assignment

Governmental, Proprietary, and Fiduciary Funds Assignment Governmental, Proprietary, and Fiduciary Funds – Assignment Example The paper "Governmental, Proprietary, and Fiduciary Funds" is a good example of an essay on finance and accounting. Governmental funds -These are funds that are regarded as being used for typical governmental functions and they include the following. A debt-service fund is a form of a government fund that is fully devoted to the repayment of debt. This fund is obtained through budgetary allocation that the government does at the beginning of each of its financial year. Local debts arise from the amount borrowed from the local industries and investors. Capital projects funds are kept by the government in order to finance the acquisition of capital assets, building or renovation of government equipment and infrastructural development. This group of funds does not include capital assets paid for through the proprietary funds. (Ruppel, 2011). Permanent funds are composed of the various investments and other resources that the government is not allowed by the constitution to spend or conv ert into cash. This fund can only be spent in circumstances that the government is in short supply of funds to finance its projects that directly benefit the people.Proprietary funds -Proprietary fund is another type of government funds that are used for the accounting of the ongoing organizations and activities of the government that are deemed to be similar to the businesses in the private sector. The funds are regarded as self-supporting owing to the fact that such services are financed by user charges or on reimbursement basis (Finkler, et. al, 2013). There are two types of funds in this category namely enterprise funds and internal service funds.Fiduciary funds -These are funds used to account for the assets that are held by a unit of the government in a trustee capacity or as an agent to individuals or private organizations. This category is made of four types of funds namely investment trust funds, agency funds, private-purpose trust funds, and pension trust funds.

The Development of Banking in the Industrial Revolution

The Development of Banking in the Industrial Revolution As well as industry, banking also developed during the Industrial Revolution as the demands of entrepreneurs in industries like steam  led to a vast expansion of the financial system. Banking Before 1750 Before 1750, the traditional ‘start date’ for the Industrial revolution, paper money and commercial bills were used in England, but gold and silver were preferred for major transactions and copper for daily trading. There were three tiers of banks already in existence, but only in limited numbers. The first was the central Bank of England. This has been created in 1694 by William of Orange to fund wars and had become a foreign exchange storing foreign country’s gold. In 1708 it was given the monopoly on Joint Stock Banking (where there’s more than 1 shareholder) to try and make it more powerful, and other banks were limited in size and resources. Joint stock was declared illegal by the Bubble Act of 1720, a reaction to the great losses of the collapse of the South Sea Bubble. A second tier was provided by less than thirty Private Banks, which were few in number but growing, and their main customer was merchants and industrialists. Finally, you had the county banks which operated in a local area, e.g., just Bedford, but there were only twelve in 1760. By 1750 private banks were increasing in status and business, and some specialization was occurring geographically in London. The Role of Entrepreneurs in the Industrial Revolution Malthus called entrepreneurs the ‘shock troops’ of the industrial revolution. This group of individuals whose investment helped spread the revolution were based mainly in the Midlands, a center  for industrial growth. Most were middle class and well educated, and there were a substantial number of entrepreneurs from non-conformist religions like the Quakers. They have been characterized as feeling they had to be challenged, had to organize and succeed, although they ranged in size from major captains of industry to small-scale players. Many were after money, self-improvement, and success, and many were able to buy into the landowning elite with their profits. The entrepreneurs were capitalists, financiers, works managers, merchants, and salesmen, although their role changed as the business developed and the nature of enterprise evolved. The first half of the industrial revolution saw just one individual running the companies, but as time went on shareholders and joint stock companies emerged, and management had to change to cope with specialized positions. Sources of Finance As the revolution grew and more opportunities presented themselves, there was a demand for more capital. While technology costs were coming down, the infrastructure demands of large factories or canals and railways were high, and most industrial businesses needed funds to start up and get started. Entrepreneurs had several sources of finance. The domestic system, when it was still in operation, allowed for capital to be raised as it had no infrastructure costs and you could reduce or expand your workforce rapidly. Merchants provided some circulated capital, as did aristocrats, who had money from land and estates and were keen to make more money by assisting others. They could provide land, capital, and infrastructure. Banks could provide short-term loans, but have been accused of holding the industry back by the legislation on liability and joint-stock. Families could provide money, and were always a trusted source, as here the Quakers, who funded key entrepreneurs like the Darbys (who pushed forward Iron production.) The Development of the Banking System By 1800 private banks had increased in number to seventy, while county banks increased rapidly, doubling from 1775 to 1800. These were set up mainly by businessmen who wanted to add banking to their portfolios and satisfied a demand. During the Napoleonic Wars, the banks came under pressure from panicking customers making cash withdrawals, and the government stepped in to restrict withdrawals to just paper notes, no gold. By 1825 the depression which followed the wars had caused many banks to fail, leading to a financial panic. The government now repealed the Bubble Act and allowed joint-stock, but with unlimited liability. The Banking Act of 1826 restricted the issuing of notes- many banks had issued their own- and encouraged the formation of joint stock companies. In 1837 new laws gave joint-stock companies the ability to acquire limited liability, and in 1855 and 58 these laws were expanded, with banks and insurance now given limited liability which was a financial incentive for investment. By the end of the nineteenth century, many local banks had amalgamated to try and take advantage of the new legal situation. Why the Banking System Developed Long before 1750 Britain had a well-developed money economy with gold, copper, and notes. But several factors changed. The growth in wealth and business opportunities increased the need for both somewhere for money to be deposited, and a source of loans for buildings, equipment and- most crucially- circulating capital for everyday running. Specialist banks with knowledge of certain industries and areas thus grew up to take full advantage of this situation. Banks could also make a profit by keeping a cash reserve and lending out sums to gain interest, and there were many people interested in profits. Did Banks Fail Industry? In the US and Germany, industry used their banks heavily for long-term loans. Britons didn’t do this, and the system has been accused of failing industry as a result. However, America and Germany started at a higher level, and needed much more money than Britain where banks weren’t required for long-term loans, but instead for short-term ones to cover small shortfalls. British entrepreneurs were skeptical of banks and often preferred older methods of finance for start-up costs. Banks evolved along with British industry and were only a part of the funding, whereas America and Germany were diving into industrialization at a much more evolved level.

My Interactions with the Jesuit values Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My Interactions with the Jesuit values - Essay Example Also, a compassionate and loving heart if not tempered by the logic and decorum emanating from the heart is but a rudderless ship, incapable of reaching its destination, being most of the time trapped in the morass of indecision and wavering. It is in the divine unity of the mental and emotional faculties that lies the true future of humanity and mankind. The Jesuit model of education actively inculcates the unity of human understanding and emotions. When the human personality is not amply mature and had not attained the ripeness ushered in by continual and persistent contemplation and education, the heart and the mind tend to be in a state a conflict. This is many a times markedly signified by having a strong desire to do something or engage in some activity that innately seems to be inappropriate or wrong. I believe that a preponderance of such instances in human life gives way to ample emotional and mental problems, which if allowed proceeding beyond a certain limit could degenera te into some kind of neurosis. Yet, ironically, I feel that this is the actual dilemma of the modern civilization so open to the winds of materialism and a deluge of information. Many a times in my life I felt that though I had everything that I materially desired and had access to most of the modern freedoms and rights, still there was something lacking within me that restrained me from evolving into a complete person. It is only after learning about, understanding and meditating upon the Jesuit value of the unity of body and mind that I realized that it was possible to pull myself out of this dilemma. I realized that the purpose of human existence and education is to aspire for a holistic development, the kind of evolution where the aspirations of the heart are shaped and molded by the discipline and formality emanating from the mind. This may seem nice to read, but, believe me, achieving such a state of existence is easier said than done, and requires continual practice and dedic ation, not to mention the immense need for prayer and self evaluation. It is only when a person has the good luck to be placed in the circumstances that are imbued with just the right values and ethics that one is able to instinctively realize the unity and harmony existing between the mind and the heart, the body and the soul. However, if, by the grace of God, one turns out to be blessed enough to placed under the tutelage of experts and institutions that encourage the flowering and evolution of the whole person rather than lopsidedly encouraging the segmented faculties of the human personality that one is able to evolve into a complete person in whom the yearnings and aspirations of the heart are propitiously tempered by the wisdom and maturity of the mind, leading to happiness and completeness in most of the spheres of life, are they spiritual, social, academic, economic or domestic. In that context, the Jesuit value of the unity of mind and the heart had a profound impact on var ied facets of my life. It not only helped me to proceed on a journey that promised happiness and grace, but also endowed me with the much required qualities like humility, patience and persistence. It encouraged me to engage with the complexities of the outside world with a deeply felt and morally

Quiz 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Quiz 1 - Assignment Example The act protects people who are 40 or older. Hatch Act prevents people employed in the executive branch of federal government from engaging in partisan political activities. The Act does not apply to the president and high rank officials. It specifies the list of political activities officials can and cannot engage. In this case, Roth sued Board of Regents because his contract was not renewed. He claimed that it happened because he made critical statements about University administration. The Supreme Court had to decide whether this case included the violation of the first amendment concerning the freedom of speech. All employees at Duke Power Company were required to have high school diploma and pass IQ test which was not related to job performance. The court decided that the requirements of the company did not provide equal opportunities for promotion of employees who represented racial minorities. Employers must respect religious practice of their employees. They have to comply with Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which lists their responsibilities before employees. They also need to provide accommodation for the employee if it does not cause undue hardships. â€Å"Loudermill rights† pose a requirement to have a due process before any employee is fired. Employers need to have a pre-termination meeting with employee and explain the reason why he or she is to be fired. The  Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 declares that compensation should not be discriminatory. This public law is based on the case where female supervisor Ledbetter had substantially smaller payment than her male co-workers who sis the same. The Supreme Court ruled that any discrimination based on sex is prohibited. In the case, Oncale was discriminated by his male employees and had no reaction from supervisor after he had complained about discriminatory action of his

Contemporary Chinese female art and artists Essay Example for Free

Contemporary Chinese female art and artists Essay Introduction In the 1990s, China adopted western feminism and it influenced and rapidly raised the Chinese feminism concept. There were many themes of exhibition focused on female art and female artists, an example of this is the â€Å"Chinese Women Art Exhibition†1 â€Å"Chinese Women Art Exhibition† in 1998, the Frauen museum (Women’s Museum), Bonn, Germany â€Å"Ã¥ Å Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã©â€šÅ -ä ¸ ­Ã¥Å"‹å ¥ ³Ã¦â‚¬ §Ã¨â€" Ã¨ ¡â€œÃ¥ ±â€¢Ã¢â‚¬ , é‚ ±Ã¨  Ã§ ­â€"åŠÆ', Ã¥ ¾ ·Ã¥Å"‹æ ³ ¢Ã¦  ©Ã¥ © ¦Ã¥ ¥ ³Ã¨â€" Ã¨ ¡â€œÃ¥ Å¡Ã§â€° ©Ã© ¤ ¨, Ã¥ Æ'Ã¥ ±â€¢Ã¨â€" Ã¨ ¡â€œÃ¥ ® ¶Ã¦Å"‰ä ¸ ­Ã¥Å"‹, æ ¸ ¯Ã¥  °Ã¥ Å Ã¦ µ ·Ã¥ ¤â€"å… ±Ã¨ ¨Ë†25ä º º. in 1998 and the â€Å"Century Female Art Exhibition†2 â€Å"Century Female Art Exhibition† in 1998, the China National Art Gallery, Beijing, China â€Å"ä ¸â€"ç ´â‚¬,Ã¥ ¥ ³Ã¦â‚¬ §Ã¨â€" Ã¨ ¡â€œÃ¥ ±â€¢Ã¢â‚¬ , Ã¥ â€¡Ã¦â€" ¹Ã¨Ë†Å¸Ã§ ­â€"åŠÆ',ä ¸ ­Ã¥Å"‹èâ€" Ã¨ ¡â€œÃ§  â€Ã§ © ¶Ã©â„¢ ¢Ã¦â€"‡åÅ'â€"èâ€" Ã¨ ¡â€œ,Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¥Å" °Ã¨ ³â€¡Ã§â€ ¢Ã§ ® ¡Ã§ â€ Ã¦Å"䎪 Ã¥â€¦ ¬Ã¥  ¸Ã¤ ¸ »Ã¦Å' ,Ã¥ ±â€¢Ã¨ ¦ ½Ã§  »Ã¥ ±â€¢(é™ ¶Ã¥â€™ Ã§â„¢ ½Ã¤ ¸ »Ã¦Å' ),èâ€" Ã¥â€œ Ã¥ ±â€¢(Ã¥ ¾ Ã¨â„¢ ¹Ã¤ ¸ »Ã¦Å' ),Ã¥ ¤â€"Ã¥Å"˜å ±â€¢(ç ¾â€¦Ã© ºâ€"ä ¸ »Ã¦Å' ),ç‰ ¹Ã¥ ±â€¢(è ³Ë†Ã¦â€" ¹Ã¨Ë†Å¸Ã¤ ¸ »Ã¦Å' )四個éÆ' ¨Ã¥Ë†â€ .Ã¥ ±â€¢Ã¨ ¦ ½Ã¨ ¨ ­Ã§ «â€¹Ã¤ ¸â€°Ã¥â‚¬â€¹Ã§ Å½Ã©  â€¦:æâ€"‡åÅ'â€"èâ€" Ã¨ ¡â€œÃ¥ ­ ¸Ã§ ¤ ¾Ã§ Å½(ç  ²Ã§ Å½Ã¨â‚¬â€¦:Ã¥ ¡Å¾Ã¥ £ ¬Ã¨â€" Ã¨ ¡â€œÃ¥ · ¥Ã¤ ½Å"Ã¥ ® ¤,劉è™ ¹,èâ€"݊ ¿ Ã§â€˜â€¢,æžâ€"Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¨â€¹â€",æ ¢ Ã¦ ´ Ã© Ë†) æ‰ ¹Ã¨ ©â€¢Ã¥ ® ¶Ã§ Å½(ç  ²Ã§ Å½Ã¨â‚¬â€¦:Ã¥ §Å"æ  °,Ã¥ ­ «Ã¨â€˜â€º,æžâ€"Ã¥ » ¶,æâ€"‡é ³ ³Ã¥â€žâ‚¬,æ Å½Ã¨â„¢ ¹) æ” ¶Ã¨â€" Ã¥ ® ¶Ã§ Å½(ç  ²Ã§ Å½Ã¨â‚¬â€¦:Ã¥ ¤ Ã¤ ¿Å Ã¥ ¨Å",Ã¥ ¾ Ã¦Å¡ Ã§â€¡â€¢,Ã¥ ¼ µÃ¦ º «Ã¥ ¸â„¢,Ã¥ ­ «Ã© ¼Å½Ã§Å½â€°,Ã¥ ¾ Ã¨â„¢ ¹) in 1998. Only female artists could participate in this category of art exhibition. Although the exhibitions revealed the importance of women art in modern Chinese art, there was no specific description to define the quality of female art and female artists. From this it can be asked: What is Chinese female art and is it a category in the making of the modern and contemporary Chinese art? Contemporary Chinese art frequently referred to as avant-garde art, sustained to expand ever since the 1980’s as an improvement of contemporary, post-Cultural art developments. During this period, China opened the economic door to world and western influence poured into Chinese culture; bringing the concept of feminism in China. Furthermore, Chinese artist were also released from the control of extreme political condition, and female artists were set about to re-create their own image, contributing to a gradual awakening of women’s consciousness. Indeed, it is in this newly awakened consciousness that Chinese female art in contemporary world can be delineated. In this paper, I would like to discuss how three generation groups of female artists (1980s, 1990s, and overseas) present their works and how they express their female quality through those art pieces. Finally, I also would like to bring out the concept and definition of quality of female art in contemporary Chine se art. The ’85 New Wave Art’ movement brought about many young female artists who devoted themselves to approach the woman’s nature of body and also found new ways to present the attention on the female subject. Female artists alongside male artists, expressed their own attitudes towards contemporary China. In the beginning stages of this period, women artist paid little attention to their own expression through maintaining with the large scale influence and borrowing from modern western art. However, the nature of contemporary art developed so that the concept of women’s artistic consciousness started to emerge. After 1989, neo-expressionism brought new stage in China. Artists, both male and female, started to focus on the essence of human spirit and also emphasized on rational and critical concepts. Women’s consciousness began to emerge and women began to explore their own experience and find an appropriate way of expression in contemporary Chinese art. Most female artists pursued to define the essence of women’s consciousness or confirm women’s consciousness itself. They promoted freedom from traditional male-dominated society and pursued women’s equal position with men. Many women art exhibitions were also held in this period, and female art and female artists began to be paid attention. Since the 1980s, not only local Chinese female artists came about to give rise to Chinese women’s art, but some overseas Chinese female artists also worked to this end. They created the works through different experiences and feelings in looking for the essence of women’s consciousness. These artists mostly left China after the Cultural Revolution, prior to the social changes in China. They have their unique ways to present their ideas and expressions, like looking back to Chinese history and pursuing the art essences that they need. With differences in personal backgrounds and generations, female artists in all these three groups have varying and unique ways in presenting their art through different content and influence. But to Chinese female artists, the intention is to express their female touch and feeling in a changing Chinese society in which the women’s gender role is constantly changing and reshaping. In their art, females in these three groups share not only expressions and feelings based on their female sensitivity but also their observations to social concern. In the following sections, I choose three contemporary Chinese female artists, Hung Liu, Yu Hong, and Cui Xiuwen, and define the quality of female art through their works. Traditional female role in China Most literature focuses on Chinese culture and history with key stresses on the function of language, geography, philosophies, and art. On the other hand, women are missing in almost all fields. Chinese civilization’s culture and arts are male-dominated and male-oriented. Chinese art, whether primordial or contemporary, is art that instigated in or is practiced in China mostly by Chinese male artists. The arts of a society mirror man’s values and attitudes. Women were always portrayed as objects of observation by men. Moreover, according to I-Jing, â€Å"women are more naturally aligned with the spiritual and emotional bodies, which are more non-linear and spatially oriented (all those yin qualities); while men are more naturally aligned with the mental and physical bodies, which are more linear and temporally oriented (all those yang qualities).†3 Malin, David. 2006. Creating Sacred Space. Bodymath.com. http://www.bodymath.com/articles/archives/Feb06_Creating_Sacred_Space.pdf (February, 2006) Yang is mostly considered more important than yin, and is regarded as of secondary importance. This makes gender roles have typical stereotypes with women always portrayed with weakness and sickness. Chinese women had been confined to the family, at the mercy of their husbands for thousands of years. History and tradition have stifled women’s voices. In China, women lived within a society dominated by men, where women were not authorized to involve themselves in the public field and consequently were not integrated in historical descriptions. For example, in the Forbidden City, women were not allowed to walk in some public spaces because those spaces were symbolized as the male’s power and authority. â€Å"No woman ever took part in the grand ceremonies staged before the Hall of Supreme Harmony, which were supreme demonstrations of male ruling power.†4 Wu, Hung. Beyond Stereotypes: The Twelve Beauties in Qing Court Art and the â€Å"Dream of the Red Chamber†. Writing Women in Late Imperial China, ed. Ellen Widmer Kang-I Sun Chang, 315-316. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1997. Undertakings by Chinese women highlight the custom of foot binding succeeded from late Song to Ming Dynasties and even sustained to several indications into the 20th century. Foot binding has an effect to a degree in all classes of Chinese women and at a certain point, persuaded women to have bound feet and to dwell in the private sphere of their homes. Having bound feet was directly correlated to Chinese art in modern times. Contemporary Chinese women role The year 1976 marked a shift in political, economic, and cultural policy, a shift that erupted out of the self-imported isolation of three decades and opened China up to the outside world. Western influence started to come into China and brought many new concepts to strike Chinese society. During the 1980s, the western feminism also began to influence and raised rapidly women’s consciousness. â€Å"By the mid-1980s, though, the plethora of newly founded womens magazines explicitly discussed womens problems at work and in the family. The pages of China Womens News were filled with exposà ©s and denunciations of discrimination faced by women. Feminist outcries began to appear with some regularity in print. This recognition of gender inequality also found expression in the emergence of separate womens organizationsschools, professional societies, and womens studies groups.†5 Hershatter, Gail Honig, Emily. Feminist Voices. Personal Voices: Chinese Women in the 1980’s. 308. Stanford, CA:Stanford University Press, 1988. Women became aware of their unequal state in society and began to pay attention on female issues. In 1990s, new modern women images emerged. Women focused on individual characteristic and pursued their confidence and profession. The new women were as strong and intellectual as men or better, and they could even afford more of what they desire without anymore having to depend on men and be at a lower statute in society. â€Å"Metropolis ran a special feature on women of talent in its November 1999 issue. One illustration show a confident woman pointing to the screen of her laptop computer while a male colleague with furrowed brow struggles to comprehend what he sees. An article entitled â€Å"Thirty Traits of the Talented Woman†6 â€Å"Thirty Traits of the Talented Woman† explains that the woman should be intelligent, sharp-witted, well-informed, knowledgeable, well-spoken, and has good taste; she is independent, self-respecting, and conscious of women’s equality; she if principled but gentle, with a good sense of humor, and easy to get along with. She is understanding, generous, and sensitive to the feelings to others, but not suspicious. She is a doer-straightforward, efficient, and self-controlled. She is a bit of a rebel but not confrontational. While she may be attractive to men, her attraction is based on personality, not beauty. Her life is well-balanced; love is never her only concern. Dadushi (Metropolis) 14 (November 1999): 102-103 lists her characteristics.†7 Julia F. Andrews and Kuiyi Shen. The New Chinese Woman and Lifestyle Magazines in the Late 1990s. Popular China: Unofficial Culture in a Globalizing Society. Ed. Perry Link, Richard P. Madsen, and Paul G. Pickowicz, 151. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2002 New modern women were portrayed as beautiful and intellectual individuals. They could stand in the same level in society with men. Contemporary Chinese female artists and works Contemporary Chinese female artists use a lot of ways to express and convey their feelings and this is done effectively in their image. Basically, there are five important themes involved in their works to describe their voice and thought. First, female artists usually use their sensitivity to express women’s touch through body and gesture. Body and gesture presentations help artists to voice their opinions and feelings accompanied with their understanding of being women. Cui Xiuwen8 Cui Xiuwen, born in Heilongjiang, China, 1970. She graduated with MFA from the Central Academy of Fine Art, Beijing, China in 1996. Cui Xiuwen’s works have consistently engaged themes of sexuality and gender. Her paintings show the blurred boundary between public and private, and the relationship between history and memory. She uses a wide range of media and subject matters to explore the messages she wants to pass, bringing disturbing insights to bear on those issues. , her series works, â€Å"Lovers† (1999), she creates bold and sensitive relationship and intimate activity between man and woman. In the piece, she reveals both heterosexual and homosexual features, and presents a nervous sexual interaction that hints at Paul Cezanne’s colors. In â€Å"Lovers 5† (1999), strong and intense orange color background emphasizes the two human figures in the front when having sex, and also marks the nervous and excited atmosphere between them. While seeing this painting, the feeling is along with two figures through position, activity, and touch. This is primary human nature and human form however is heterosexual or homosexual. â€Å"†I create themes about gender, not themes about sexuality,† she explains. â€Å"I focus on human beings, only the human form in the world. If you want to know what it is to be human, you have to gain an insight into the relationship between man and woman.†Ã¢â‚¬ 9 Ma, Maggie. The Colors of Cui Xiuwen. Artzine: A Chinese Contemporary Art Portal. http://www.artzinechina.com/display_vol_aid168_en.html Yu Hong’s10 Yu Hong, born in Xi’an,China, 1966. 1995 earned MFA from the Central Academy of Fine arts, Beijing, China. Simple and realistic are the two best words to describe her works. Initially, Yu Hong’s paintings combine highly realistic portraits wit unreal surroundings and colorations, suggestion a sense of dislocation from the world. She presents her world and experience through works without any extraordinary images or ideas. Though paintings often represent a tranquil feeling, they depict the significance of life. Her early work, â€Å"Nude† (1988) was against masculinity appropriation of the spectacle of woman’s body in the Cultural Revolution. She portrays realistically, woman’s naked body, smooth and soft pose which present the touch and quality of female. Yu Hong reverses the traditional must-be female image. She depicts naked woman body in front only with red high heel shoes. â€Å"Chinese pictures of the human body, clothes or semi-clothed, (in a furtive pornography [of specifically erotic pictures]), are-to Western eyes-meager, schematic and inadequate†.11 Angela Zito Tani E.Barlow.The Body Invisible in Chinese Art?. Body, Subject Power in China. Chicago: The university of Chicago Press. There were no naked body images in traditional Chinese pictures, but here Yu Hong presented the naked woman body to represent the true nature and beauty of human form intended   against masculinity of the body and tradition. Another type of presentation, like Hung Liu’s12 Hung Liu, born in China on the eve of the Cultural Revolution, 1982 earned her MFA in mural painting from the Central Academy of Fine Art, Beijing, China, immigrated to the United States later on and also earned MFA in visual arts from University of California, San Diego. She is interested in looking at how women existed in Chinese history for long time. Her works are touched with the painful reality of women’s status on China. As a Chinese woman and immigrant in the United States, Hung Liu chooses different ways to identify herself through looking back the Chinese history and portraying female issue on art work. Her paintings are based on late 19th and early 20th century Chinese photographs. Some were taken by foreign tourists, while others were taken by the Chinese. Often, the pictures are of beautiful young prostitutes. In traditional Chinese society, prostitutes belong to the low social class and disdained by people. But, indeed, they play an important role during that period, especially for photograph art and portrait paintings. In her work, â€Å"Odalisque† (1992), she creates a monumental altar to an anonymous woman, a turn of the century Chinese prostitute. Hung Liu reclaims a place in history for the Chinese prostitute by transforming the small photograph into large scale painting. â€Å"To the painting, with their flattened surfaces, Liu attaches wooden altars, on which she sets small jade-colored vases of glass flowers or tiny embroidered shoes for bound feet. Like the lacquer panels and the lifeless glass flowers, the prostitutes are mere decorations, passive, powerless, and empty in a culture that traditional counted emptiness as a female virtue.†13 Kim, Elaine H.1996. â€Å"Bad Women†: Asian American Visual Artists Hanh Thi Pham, Hung Liu, and Yong Soon Min. Feminist Studies, Inc. http://www.jstor.org/pss/3178131 The traditional Chinese clothing of the woman contrasts with the ornate, Western design of the sofa upon which she reclines and the flowered, Victorian-style backdrop. In addition, her gaze turns to the viewer and marks us conscious of viewer’s role as outside observers. The painting recalls the western artist, Edouard Manet’s painting, â€Å"Olympia† (1863). She touches a moment that registers the encounter between a past China and the trope of the prostitute, sexuality as commodity advertised through the relation of displayed body to the gaze of that Western technology, camera. â€Å"â€Å"I don’t want their stories to be forgotten; I don’t want them to disappear without a trace.† 14 Kim, Elaine H.1996. â€Å"Bad Women†: Asian American Visual Artists Hanh Thi Pham, Hung Liu, and Yong Soon Min. Feminist Studies, Inc. http://www.jstor.org/pss/3178131 As she says, she intends to document the anonymous women in history. Hung Liu’s painting combines western aesthetics with Chinese subject matter (prostitute), a cross-cultural blend that communicates her unique sense of beauty and emotion to the viewer through extraordinarily skillful handing of paint. Second, family and growing background are the significant influences to female artist when creating their works. Their works sometimes are revealed the images about family or childhood memory, and even extend to related personal expression and concern. Yu Hong, â€Å"Witness to Growth† (1966-2006), in which Yu Hong uses her own family photographs to create a self-portrait for each year of her life, and portraits for each year of her daughter’s life. The idea and composition of paintings dwell deeply in her concerned questions: What is the social expectation to female role in our society? How do these expectations build up the life of a woman? In this series of paintings, she not only narrates the story in how growing process, but also how society changes a woman’s life. Yu Hong discards an enthusiastic and rational thinking, but returns to the history by an imperturbable and objective manner instead. Yu Hong chooses a newspaper or magazine spread to complement each image of painting, and makes connection between private and public area of her own life. â€Å"Witness to Growth†(1995),a painting of herself aged twenty-nine years old, Yu Hong’s daughter lying on her body, family burden (role of mother) and society change (modern woman) bring heavy pressure and make her rethink the meaning of gender role and seek the balance between those roles. Next to the painting, artist places a contemporaneous China 1995 newspaper depicting â€Å"women waiting for job opportunity†. Chinese economy was flourishing rapidly during this period, and it also brought extremely competition in working position. Many women lost jobs, and many young girls lost opportunity of education. Society change quickly marked negative effect to female and deprived of their chance. At this time, western feminism came into China; women began to pursue their equality to men in society and also look for their female identity. This feminism trend aroused women to think about their roles between family and society as mothers and working women. In contrast, one year-old Yu Hong’s daughter, she seemed a new generation is growing. A new age is coming. The painting engages the juxtaposition of the weight of contemporary China’s history with the simplicity of life in its purest, most uncomplicated state of being. Here is a relatively quiet life lived in the midst of an almost constant political, cultural, and economic maelstrom. Yu Hong provides the necessary retreat into ordinary that enables the progression of life through the juxtaposition of the photograph and painting. Cultural Revolution was a significant historical event, especially rooted in people who grew up during this period. Hun Liu’s stunning reproductions of historical photographs of Chinese life, which address the cultural collisions she faced while coming of age during the decade of the Cultural Revolution in China. Personal items such as photographs were forbidden during Cultural Revolution, and her family destroyed most of their family photos out of fear. As a result, Hung Liu creates her paintings from anonymous photographs of historical China, particularly with reclaiming the lost histories of nameless women, has been strongly influenced by the losses she and her family suffered. Many of her paintings depict restrictive Chinese Cultural Revolution Scene and express her voice to against this history. Hung Liu’s painting, â€Å"Three Graces† (2001), the source photographs for this painting depict women in paramilitary uniforms in heroic poses, shown from below to give the appearance of greater height and stature. These fighters for Mao’s cause carry primitive rifles as they march forward to engage in the revolutionary struggle. During the Cultural Revolution, young students and young people were mobilized by Chinese government, called â€Å"red guards† or â€Å"Hong Wei Bing†. The Hong Wei Bing traveled throughout China, going to schools, universities, and institutions, spreading the teaching of Mao. They aimed to attack the old society (old ideas, cultures, manners, and customs) with violence, but indeed they followed blindly by government’s propaganda. And the Cultural Revolution also put young intellectuals and artist like Hung Liu into the rice fields to be â€Å"re-educated† by peasants. Hung Liu chooses plain clothes worn by the women in the original photographs with flowers, painted in the traditional Chinese style. The drips of oil paint that enliven the painting’s surface are a part of Western praxis with its reference to the personifications of beauty, charm, and grace. As she says, â€Å"â€Å"The oil washes and drips hat seep through my paintings contributes to a sense of loss while dissolving the historical authenticity of the photographs I paint from. Color is a way of making contact with subjects that are fading into the gray tones of history.†Ã¢â‚¬ 15 Going Away, Coming Home: 80 Blessings from Oakland Artist hung Liu. Port Of Oakland. http://www.museumca.org/press/pdf/Liu%20fact%20sheet%20fnl.pdf Through this revolutionary background, Hung Liu had experienced a deep touch. This painting not only looks for the memory of girls’ but also expresses Hung Liu’s feeling of the Cultural Revolution through the image and drip. Third, artists look for identifying women’s importance and missing recognition of social status because women in society are always ignored and made to play an unimportant role. Indeed, they are actually as significant as men in our world. Hung Liu’s paintings often narrate identity and story issues. She documents in her art the forgotten lives of anonymous people, especially those of women. She tries to recall their erased identity from society and appear their stories and meaning of existence back. Her work, â€Å"We have Been Naught We Shall Be all†(2007), a series of three canvases edged by bands to mimic widescreen film format, those works are inspired by Daughters of China (1949), a Ling Zifeng film based on the heroic actions of a group of women officers and soldiers during the Sino-Japanese War. Hung Liu’s empathetic response to the final moments of the women, as they carry a wounded comrade into the river to draw away enemy fire from the Chinese Resistance fighters, brings to the fore the theme of personal sacrifice. The images of women are taken by realistic presentation, Hung Liu bases on original photographic image of film. She reserves women’s face without any color and intends to keep their original identify and recall their heroic dignity, accompanied by respect. The paintings from left to right, it seems catching the moment and movement when women carrying the wounded body toward the front. Hung Liu uses the yellow color on three canvases, the background of left painting is coloring yellow, yellow is on wounded body and women’s figures of central canvas, and only little yellow color on right canvas. Moreover, yellow symbolizes the sharp memory. Hung Liu arranges the yellow on three canvases perfectly along with women’s action and moment. This presents a balance between image and time. Her art work is concerned about what has been lost in transit between female and history. Hung Liu desires to give those nameless women place in history, and she would like to identify those women as significant heroes in our society. As Hung Liu’s concept, Yu Hong creates the â€Å"She† series to portray the spirit and lives of women. The meaning of â€Å"existence† in our world is then recorded. Different career women have also played different roles to show their importance. â€Å"She-security guard†, Yu Hong arranges one photographic image picked by security guard aside with one oil painting made by her. The photographic image is taken in front of the museum in her leisure time. Security guard wears white shirt with likely smile. In the photo, she raises her hand and poses â€Å"YA†. Contrary to the next, the painting shows her working place. She wears yellow ochrecolor uniform and concentrate on her job with highly respect. The light is the parking light seems leading us to take a glance on her working place and tries to understand her work. Artist organizes this placement purposely and intent to show the importance of security guard in society. Yu Hong depicts the portrait image to let audience snoop security guard’s life between working place and personal life. She is the individual with singularity; no one can replace her in this career position. Yu Hong still presents her realistic style on paintings, and she intends to record different modern female in different levels of life. As she says, â€Å"If life can move slower, people can notice and pay attention in every detail and experience. I wish life could be freed from the restraint, so the essence of real life could be discovered. †16 â€Å"我å ° ±Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¥ ¸Å'æÅ"›ç”Ÿæ ´ »Ã§ ¯â‚¬Ã¥ ¥ Ã¦â€¦ ¢Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã© »Å¾, 這æ ¨ £Ã¤ º ºÃ¥â‚¬â€˜Ã¥  ¯Ã¤ » ¥Ã¥ ¾Å¾Ã¥ ® ¹Ã¥Å" °Ã§â€Å¸Ã¦ ´ », æ… ¢Ã¦â€¦ ¢Ã¥Å" °Ã© «â€Ã¦Å"Æ'. 我æ ³ ¨Ã©â€¡ Ã§ ´ °Ã§ ¯â‚¬,我å ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¸Å'æÅ"›ç”Ÿæ ´ »Ã¨Æ' ½Ã¥ ¤  Ã¦â€š  Ã§â€ž ¶Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¤ ºâ€º, 這æ ¨ £Ã§â€Å¸Ã¦ ´ »Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¦Å" ¬Ã§Å"Ÿç‹€æ…‹æ‰ Ã¨Æ' ½Ã§Å"Ÿæ ­ £Ã¨ ¢ «Ã¤ º ºÃ¥â‚¬â€˜Ã§â„¢ ¼Ã¨ ¦ ºÃ¢â‚¬ . Enjoy the Life-Yu Hong. Febay.com. http://www.febay.com.cn/magazine/ArticleShow.asp?ArticleID=18433 (April, 2007) Yu Hong represents the reality of space on woman’s personal life and working life, elegant skills on portrait image, and female sensibility on woman’s experience. She also represents an inner desire of a female artist be responsible and conscious of women’s social status. Fourth, the present reality of sadness and pain of Chinese women who are suffering under a cruelly male-dominated world illustrate the image to challenge traditional patriarchy. In the works of Hung Liu, she has examined foot binding, practiced in China from the Song Dynasty until the beginning of the twentieth century. Many Chinese women’s feet were bound from birth to artificially confine their growth, distorting them into small, twisted fists that were sexually attractive to men. The painful, deforming practice of foot binding was used to make a Chinese woman walk in an extremely difficult way, but their mincing steps were considered delicate and lovely. Bound feet left women handicapped, which also ensured that they remained subservient. Moreover, it stressed the value of appearance while making a virtue of hiding one’s pain and suffering, making it a combination of esthetics and cruelty. In one piece of her work called â€Å"Bonsai† (1992), Hung Liu placed a photograph next to an anatomical line drawing showing the cross-section of a human body flanked on either side by Chinese characters. The only decipherable physiognomic attributes in this figural drawing are the heart, what appears to be a spine, and a suggestion of intestinal organs. What are most astonishing observations about this drawing are the absence of legs and the egg shape of the figure that almost mirrors the contour of the woman in the photograph. By placing these two images within the same interpretive context. Hung Liu has reinforced the notion of the woman’s incapacitated movement. Woman’s physical movement had been limited by the mutilation of her feet in the same way that a tiny bonsai tree is confined to restrict its growth. She had been bound by Chinese societal and cultural practices as an object of male gratification. Hung Liu shows the Chinese aesthetic tradition with cruel reality in male- dominated society. She also presents how unfair beauty standards were to women in the long period. As a Chinese woman, the piece would make a you think about your grand grandmother or grandmother suffering this pain in order to satisfy men’s taste and standard. Her art work is concerned about what has been severed from the surroundings. She touches the sadness and painful reality of women’s status in China. As a woman, she uses her sensibility to depict and voice for women’s gender role. From her paintings, not only narrate stories but also represent true reality in our society. The young artist Cui Xiuwen creates bold, sensitive caricatures of works as â€Å"Intersection Series† in 1998. In the piece, she records the full front side of a man’s naked body and dressed a young girl holding a rose. The painting is also done in connection with Cezanne’s colors and narrative story-telling and nervous relationship between female and male. Cui Xiuwen colors the girl’s dress and dog on green color. Green color symbolizes the protection from fears and anxieties connected with the demands of others (men). The rose is represented as girl’s pure virginity which is inviolate. Girl’s face also reveals innocence. On the contrary, man’ genitals are bit off by girl’s dog, blooding through his underwear. His extremely fearful and shocking face shows on his face with opened mouth and big eyes. In traditional Chinese society, patriarchy dominates the world and power. Genitals are the symbol of patriarchy. Cui Xiuwen boldly challenges to patriarchic society and tries to reverse the social position between female and male. In traditional Chinese art, art is confined to the men society. Women always played being viewed characters; men played viewer roles, but here, the artist breaks traditional art concept and reverses art presentation. The reversal shows Cui Xiuwen’s stance on the feminism. She makes up fictional story image to express her own challenging patriarchic desire. Intensive and extraordinary color and story throw a huge stone to the eyes of the audience. This also brings new dispute to contemporary Chinese society. Finally, concern about female and social issues, the year 1976 marked a shift in political, economic, and cultural policy, a shift that opened China up to the outside world. Afterward, society is changing rapidly. There are more and more social issues emerged such as teen-age crime and pregnant teen-age girl. Social value shifts to wrong path. Artists see this situation and use observations to bring the problem and question to audience. Yu Hong, she approaches new art presentation on â€Å"Figure and Ground†. The works portrays some young girls practicing gymnastics. Images seem simple, but paintings neatly summarized a sophisticated thread of thought the artist has been developing over the years, and they express that thought in a way that ties the works visually to certain aesthetic principles found in traditional Chinese painting. As a group, paintings represent a fresh vision and a new level in artist’s oeuvre. Each painting in the series depicts from one to three girls against a blank ground, bent into contorted positions as they practice gymnastics. Yu Hong bases the paintings on photographs she took at her daughter’s gymnastics class. The girls wear black leotards in addition to some combination of tight black pants, black and white striped shirt, and black slippers. â€Å"As the artist has said, the paintings â€Å"are all about girls doing artistic gymnastics. People, especially girls, have to change themselves to suit society.† The images are a simple but highly effective metaphor for the place of young girls in contemporary society.†17 Erickson, Britta. Figure and Ground: Yu Hong’s Gymnastics series. Yu Hong. Beijing, China: Loft. Although the students in Yu Hong’s daughter’s gymnastics class range in age from six to teenage, the age of the girls portrayed in Figure and Ground is narrowed to about nine to twelve. Those are the years when girls move from childhood to puberty and begin to come under the heavy pressure of society’s expectations. Teenage is a special period, and it is easy to lead a child to wrong path. Cui Xiuwen’s strength and certainty seems to have naturally transformed into a desire of the home, of having a family, and in a wish, difficult to admit but naturally inevitable, of maternity. This is what the images of her work, â€Å"Angel†, inspire. Artist approaches her own sensitive observation to current social issue related to young age girl. This work does not want to criticize a social and universal situation. It brings up the awareness and the realization of an individual as a singular feeling. Cui Xiuwen wants to express how a young mother, especially teen-age mother in China feels and what fears she has to face. She uses a young model to create strong emotions. Rows of white young girls, ghost like girls, and the same girl repeated over, and in the same state of pregnancy, but the figures are positioned at various scales, which express the different types of fear they have. Alone, staring at the horizon, scared and worried in a procession that goes from the Forbidden City and continues on what can be a highway such as the Beijing ring road o the expressway to the airport. This represents the time when society is changing, and girls are unable to go back to the prior time and have no choice but to go forwardt. They look at the front but only darkness is surrounding them. â€Å"â€Å"No longer wishing to see the outside world, reality, nor to be confronted by it or to have to deal with it†, is the artist’s explanation. Falling pregnant has distinctly different meanings and implications at different ages of woman. Both for the woman and it terms of how the external world judges the fact. Do they applaud or condemn. Cui Xiuwen asks â€Å"Can a woman choose to have a baby alone, single, because she bows to maternal instinct, and does not feel the need to be married?†Ã¢â‚¬ 18 Smith, Karen. Photo series â€Å"Angel† of 2006 and â€Å"One day in 2004†. Catalog of DF2 Gallery. Los Angeles:DF2 Gallery Cui Xiuwen brings the question to make the audience aware about the young pregnant girl’s problem rather than criticize her . She uses retrospective manner to represent the image on her works. Her works do not strike us, nor are they extraordinarily critical, but rather leave significant questions in our minds. Conclusion Yu Hong, Cui Xiuwen, and Hung Liu though are being in different generation groups; they all aim to represent female qualities and voice for women through their works. Yu Hong was brought into the world at the start of the Cultural Revolution in 1966, during which almost every aspect of Chinese life was being re-evaluated. When re-examining the historical evidence and cultural production of the period, it becomes difficult to imagine life being brought into the world during such a period of upheaval. In many cultural products that are marketed as personal memories, the political economic situation is placed directly into the foreground of the narrative, and personal details become a way of contextualizing the nation’s story. Yu Hong’s method of storytelling makes the personal much more central. Her generation, is a group existing between old (artists were trained as Russian realists) and young (artists were influence by emancipation movement) generations. Yu Hong’s works always present old tradition concept (family as central start point) and new social concept which is related to social issues. Cui Xiuwen has been called many things-avant-garde, transgressive, feminist, controversial, and even over-the-top-buts never creatively stagnant. She is born a new kind of human, who grew up in a relatively open social environment and came of age in the increasingly more globalised information age. Her paintings and later photographs are always with frank depictions of human sexuality and controversial issues, which present her ideas and feelings about the new modern society. But Hung Liu, she was born in 1948 in China. During the Cultural Revolution, she was sent to the country to work in the fields and be â€Å"reeducated†. Hung Liu studied the acceptable artistic style of Socialist Realism while in China. After immigrating to San Diego, she learned that it is important for an artist to think and that art is intertwined with, not separate from life. Her works depict the cultural mixing that takes place when an individual moves to a new country and also reality of hidden history in China. She much focuses on historical sources to present the image of reality. Three generation group of artists have their own unique presentations through their works and also are influenced on their own social backgrounds. But, female are the most important image and concepts of their commonality of works. By focusing on a female rather than on a male, three artists challenge a tradition of patriarchy. In the art pieces, the narrator (three female artists) and the protagonists (female image in works) are all women. As such, they present the viewer with a distinctively female view of the world. In historical constructions, women’s lives were generally touched only indirectly in contrast to their fathers, husbands, or brothers. Yu Hong, Cui Xiuwen, and Hung Liu show the women’s lives being immediately influenced by the external world and also their â€Å"existence† and â€Å"importance† in our society. History, society, and family have been great influences upon the development of female art in China. Because of the oppression that Chinese women have faced from a patriarchal society, female art exhibit intense emotions of sadness, pain, and revolution against the male dominated Chinese social stratification. There are many paintings, and photographs that depict the detrimental state that Chinese women were in during the more rigid periods of Chinese history. Various works of art from photos to paintings show female opposition against various Chinese traditions that have oppressed their gender for generations. Many female artists who driven by extreme emotion focused on work that mirrored their sense of retribution against male dominance. Art work that feature females â€Å"turning the tables† on men are common among more liberal female artists. There is also a lot of work that defy traditional Chinese art that is also patriarchal. Such works make use of non-conventional materials and subjects as a way to challenge the male dominated norms. This shows an image of the Chinese female artist as someone who wants to break free from an oppressive condition through the use of personal expression. The qualities linked with the use of the expression in art for them taking account of use of words importantly as the innermost artistic element, simplification, appropriation, representation of user or popular culture as well as art itself. The artists believe that art makes people realize the truth-at least the truth that is given to all to understand, and brings back eliminated women state in Chinese tradition. Chinese female artists have become more motivated to do art not only because of talent, but they convey reality and truth through art. In currently modern world, the majority is focusing on economic flourishing, globalization, and new technology. Most people have forgotten the essence of life and the simple things that make us live along with the many troubles of humanity and theses contemporary Chinese female artists, through exploring modern art are still preserving the real essence of making art and what art means to them, and the female artists also discover their own experience and find an appropriate way of expression in Chinese art. In relation to this, the female artist thus gives superior importance to the role of women in Chinese society. Many daring works aim to recognize female contribution to the family, government, and society which goes largely undistinguished in past generations. Here the Chinese female artists aim to open viewers’ hearts and minds to the true worth of the Chinese woman. Works of art that show how important Chinese women are also tend to show how much they are taken for granted. The Chinese woman artist was also found to be sensitive with the changing times. As society evolved over years of political, economic, and social change, so did female artistry change with it. In fact, female art can be concluded to be much more versatile than Chinese male art which is considered more traditional and unyielding to time. Another difference duly noted between male and female works of art in China was that females tend to express more depth and daringness in terms of depicting sensual subjects. Years of yearning for equality with their male partners have also implied years of dissatisfaction with how males see copulation rituals. The outlet of this repression can be observed with how meaningful and rich Chinese female works of sensual art are. The female artist takes her time to craft the intricate details that add flavor to a romantic scene. The female artist is able to bring out the humanity of a sensitive scene and does not confine the subject to feral lust. Instead, the focus is upon the intimateness of interaction that is not meant to sexually arouse but rather to emotionally move viewers. Lastly, the image of the Chinese female artist is one that is deeply devoted to the value of family. Influences from childhood memories can be seen in the works of many female artists and is regarded as a sense of personal beauty added to general themes. Those are the themes that provide the overall picture in which female art is framed. Chinese female art can be compared to a strong, demanding voice that echoes the grievances of an oppressed gender and outwardly shows how important it is and why people should take notice. It is forceful and bold, more than willing to reject the norms in order to convey its meaning to an internal society that it deems as largely unsympathetic to their concerns. At the same time, female art is delicate and sweet, showing not intent to please but a true expression of beauty. Lastly, it can be concluded that female art is greatly influenced by changing times and each generation of female artists have their own issues to face which are reflected in the works that they produce. Despite female art showing the capability of female artists, it is also a representation of quality artistic work. These qualities contents highly essence of female touch and voice, and also produce with strong female expression through the artworks. Female art is not only made by female artist, on contrary, it is an art with enthusiastic female quality. These five categories of female quality present the sense of female beauty and expression, artists’’ sensitivity of women, and extraordinary and skillful handling of paint. Observe the female art movement in the western society and Chinese society, there is no gap between them. In the west or China, the essence of quality of female art has maintained the same content and concept. In recently decade, female consciousness emerges and brings new concept to women. Women begin to understand themselves more and express their feelings to others. With a modern course of awareness in Chinese contemporary art in the global market, Chinese female artist are expectant that they will reach their ultimate objective; Chinese female artist must have a say. They will continue to explore and find a new way to express their art and voice for women, and the quality of female art will also get more abundant themes.